Still falling short on hours and pay
Part-time work becoming new normal
Report By Lonnie Golden
December 5, 2016 - Economic Policy Institute
What this report finds: An ongoing structural shift toward
more intensive use of part-time employment by many employers is driving the
elevated rate of involuntary part-time work. Over six years into an economic
recovery, the share of people working part time because they can only get
part-time hours remains at recessionary levels. The number working part time
involuntarily remains 44.6 percent higher than it was in 2007. This growth is
being driven mainly by a few industries.
Why it matters: 6.4 million workers want full-time jobs but
are working only part-time hours. Involuntary part-time workers are not only
earning less income than they would prefer, but suffer because part-time jobs
offer relatively lower wage rates and benefit coverage, and have more variable
and unpredictable work schedules.
How we can fix the problem: In addition to traditional
expansionary policies that would heighten demand for more hours of labor, here
are seven policies that would help curb the excessive use of part-time
employment and address the harmful effects of involuntary part-time working.
Introduction and key findings
While average annual working hours of all workers rose 9 percent from 1979 to
2013 (Mishel 2013), this statistic masks a hardship faced by many workers in the
United States. Particularly for middle- and low-wage earners, the key problem is
often too few hours, and/or too variable hours. In other words, they would
prefer to be working more hours, and to not have to navigate through erratic
work hours or schedules.
Not getting enough hours is the gtime-relatedh type of underemployment, a
phenomenon where people may be working but not up to their desired amount, and
it is a sign of labor underutilization in the economy. The monthly rate of workers in the U.S. labor market
who are working gpart time for economic reasonsh—who are considered
ginvoluntaryh part-timers because they want to and are available to work full
time—is the most consistent indicator of such underemployment. That rate is
higher now that it was before the Great Recession and during the depths of the
early 2000s recession. That it remains stubbornly high indicates that there is
more labor market slack than is captured by the unemployment rate alone.
Over six years into an economic recovery and economic expansion, as the
unemployment rate has fallen, inadequate work hours are still a concern, as
noted by many reporters, commentators, economists, and the chair of the Federal
Reserve Bank. Indeed, the economic weight of involuntary part-time
work has been an issue in the presidential campaign.
There is not only an incomplete recovery in the labor market—which is likely
inhibiting the strength of economic expansion—but greater labor market hardship
for many workers than is apparent on the surface. Part-time employment generally
comes with many disadvantages vis-à-vis full-time jobs, such as lower rates of
overall compensation per hour and work schedules that are often less stable or
predictable. When working part time is involuntary, the harms are
compounded.
This report suggests that, in addition to cyclical forces (in this case,
lingering effects of the recession), there is an ongoing structural shift in
many businesses toward more intensive use of part-time employment, driving the
elevated rate of involuntary part-time employment. Increased employer use of
part-time positions is particularly evident in industries in which part-time
jobs are already more prevalent, such as retail, and hotels and food
service.
The report identifies and explains the monthly and annual trends in
involuntary part-time work, the role of key industries driving much of those
trends, the kinds of workers and industries most affected by part-time work, and
the myriad challenges that workers in part-time jobs face. Following are a
summary of the key findings:
Key findings
Trends and causes of involuntary part-time employment
- The share of people working part-time involuntarily remains at
recessionary levels. In 2015, there were 6.4 million workers who
wanted to work full time but were working part time, accounting for 4.4
percent of those at work; this is roughly 2.0 million more involuntary
part-time workers, or a 1.3 percentage-point increase in the rate of
involuntary part-time employment prior to the recession. In fact, data from
2007 to 2015 show that involuntary part-time work is increasing almost five
times faster than part-time work and about 18 times faster than all work.
- It is this rise in involuntary part-time work that is driving an
overall increase in part-time employment generally, as the share of
the workforce working part time voluntarily has been stable since 2007. Thus,
the gnew normalh of underutilized labor primarily reflects the increased
employer use of part-time employees and not any increased preference among
workers for part time employment.
- The currently elevated level of part-time work—and of involuntary
part-time work in particular—is no longer gcyclical,h i.e., it does
not reflect a delayed and slow recovery, although reaching full employment
could eventually yield a diminution in part-time work as workers are able to
secure full-time employment.
- The structural nature of todayfs involuntary part-time employment
is evident in the decrease in workers who say they are involuntarily part time
due to slack work. Involuntary part-time work has gradually decreased
since 2009 but almost entirely because fewer workers are working part-time
hours due to gslack work or business conditions,h which had ballooned during
the Great Recession. Slack work is an indicator of cyclical business lows. In
contrast, the share of those working involuntarily part time because they
gcould find only part-timeh work (i.e., employers were offering only part-time
work, indicative of structural factors) is just as high as it was at the end
of the recession in 2009.
- Involuntary part-time work and its growth are concentrated in
several industries that more intensively use part-time work,
specifically, retail and leisure and hospitality. Retail trade
(stores and car dealers, etc.) and leisure and hospitality (hotels,
restaurants, and the like) contributed well over half (63.2 percent) of the
growth of all part-time employment since 2007, and 54.3 percent of the growth
of involuntary part-time employment. These two industries, together with
educational and health services and professional and business services,
account for the entire growth of part-time employment and 85.0 percent of the
growth of involuntary part-time employment from 2007 to 2015.
- Trends in the reason for part-time employment by industry also
suggest structural factors in play. In 2015, involuntary part-time
workers made up 7.8 percent of all those at work in the retail sector. That is
3.4 percentage points higher than before the recession started, in 2007.
Roughly 60 percent of this growth in involuntary part-time work reflects those
who gcould find only part-time work.h Involuntary part-time work was an even
higher proportion of employment, 10.4 percent, in the leisure and hospitality
industry in 2015, up 3.6 percentage points from 2007. Roughly half of this
growth in involuntary part-time work reflects those who gcould find only
part-time work,h indicating structural factors were at least as important as
cyclical factors.
- The suggestion that the gshared responsibility provisionh of the
Affordable Care Act (ACA) is behind some of the shift toward part-time work is
not supported by the data. The provision requires that certain
employers pay a fee if they donft offer a minimum level of health insurance to
employees working 30 or more weekly hours. Had these health care–related labor
costs prompted employers to reduce more positions to part-time hours, there
would be a number of trends in the data that suggest a structural change in
involuntary part-time working or hours worked, and these trends do not
appear.
Certain groups of Americans are most vulnerable to the burdens of
involuntary part-time work
- Hispanic and black workers have been hardest hit by the structural
shift toward involuntary part-time work. Hispanics and blacks are
relatively much more likely to be involuntarily part-time (6.8 percent and 6.3
percent respectively) than whites, of whom just 3.7 percent work part time
involuntarily. And blacks and Hispanics are disproportionate shares of
involuntary part-time workers: together they constitute just 27.9 percent of
those gat work,h they represent 41.1 percent of all involuntary part-time
workers. The greater amount of involuntary part-time employment among blacks
and Hispanics is due to their both having a greater inability to find
full-time work and facing more slack work conditions. Black and Hispanic women
(and women of gother race/ethnicityh) are the groups most likely to experience
involuntary part-time employment and represented 21.1 percent of all
involuntary part-time workers in 2015.
- Prime-age workers are a disproportionate share of involuntary
part-time workers. Workers ages 25 to 54 comprised 57.8 percent (3.5
million) of all involuntary part-time workers (6.1 million) despite being only
44.0 percent of all part-time workers.
- Men and women are similarly afflicted by involuntary part-time
working—with an incidence of 5.1 percent among women and 4.0 percent
among men.
- The service occupations (e.g., healthcare support, food
preparation, building and grounds maintenance, personal care, etc.) contribute
the most to involuntary part-time employment, followed by sales.
Service occupations provide 17.2 percent of all persons at work but represent
double that share (34.5 percent) of all involuntary part-time workers. Sales
and office occupations account for 26.8 percent of all involuntary part-time
employment.
- Part-time workers work about half as many hours per week as
full-time workers, with the clear adverse consequence of a
corresponding reduction in onefs weekly earnings.
- The biggest disadvantage that part-time workers face is their
relatively lower rates of pay and their benefit coverage. Prior
research shows that the part-time wage penalty (the percent less in hourly
wages that part-timers make relative to similar full-timers) is 19 percent for
men and 9 percent for women. Part-time jobs, particularly those with the
fewest weekly hours, also provide relatively less access to benefit coverage.
Part-timers have only one-third the access to health insurance coverage as do
full-timers—22 percent compared with 73 percent.
- Part-time workers must navigate varied and unpredictable
hours. Part-time workers are much more likely to have work hours that
vary from week to week—at a rate 2.5 times higher than among full-time
workers. (Involuntary part-time workers face the most variability). Surveys
show that part-timers also face greater irregularity in their work shift times
and unpredictability in their work schedules.
Clearly part-time employment, especially involuntary part-time employment,
has various adverse consequences. In addition to traditional expansionary
policies that would heighten demand for more hours of labor, we need policy
innovations to help curb the excessive use of part-time employment by many
employers and address the harmful effects of involuntary part-time work.
Remedies explored at the conclusion of this report include compensation parity
for part-time jobs, reforms to unemployment insurance systems, an employee
gright to requesth changes in hours, and laws giving part-time workers priority
access to increased hours of work that become available. Moreover, laws
requiring that workers receive minimum pay for shifts that are canceled or
schedules that are changed, along with unemployment insurance reforms would both
incentivize reductions and mitigate the adverse impacts of involuntary part-time
working.